Virgin Group free essay sample

Presentation This report intently inspects the Virgin Group’s corporate procedure/method of reasoning and recognizes the connections to be specific of key nature inside the Virgin Empire. Virgin’s esteem including characteristics will be examined and the principle issues looked by Virgin will be distinguished and completely arrangements suggested separately. Corporate Rationale The Virgin Group involves a different blend of organizations. It has its â€Å"finger in each pie†, in a manner of speaking. The Virgin has bunch differentiated into 200 organizations. It would be ideal if you see Figure 1 underneath: {draw:frame} Figure 1 The Virgin Group Sir Richard Branson, organizer of Virgin in 1970 is in the author’s feeling the absolute most significant fixing to all the achievement that has been harvested exceptional. As the expression goes ‘you harvest what you sow’ accordingly, corporate reason is simply a projection of Sir Richard Branson’s own way of thinking, which he has planted into the texture of corporate normal. An individual way of thinking and an individual persona that is venerated and regarded by the British open and past. Sir Richard Branson’s prominent previously prevailed upon the overall population and nearly anything he would seek after or was related with would be assumed the best about. Along these lines the word Virgin and Sir Richard Branson are practically exchangeable. The Virgin brand name is by a long shot the most significant advantage for the organization. Being known as the â€Å"customers’ champion† unavoidably has done marvels for advertising. This reality was profited by; in British notices for Apple Computers. Sir Richard Branson was related with extraordinary names, for example, Einstein and Ghandi, and highlighted as a ‘shaper of the twentieth century’. Sir Richard Branson, tired of the open postings commitments and corporate organization tried to take the business again into private possession. His understandings persuade that giving up transient benefits for long haul development was the manner in which the business ought to be outfitted. With respect to corporate administration its importance in the Virgin Group, was diminished significantly. No genuine feeling of the executives progressive system can be found in the gathering aside from with regards to advertising and advancement issues, Sir Richard Branson would play an increasingly included job. Along these lines Sir Richard Branson embraced a ‘hands-off’ strategy with his directors and thusly, supported their own drives. By demonstrating such opportunity, supervisors would unavoidably feel to a greater extent an awareness of other's expectations, possession and would attempt their up most to make an achievement of it. Sir Richard Branson knew this reality. He was giving an advancing environment in which supervisors would thrive similarly as he had done. It’s not astonishing at that point, that administration enrolled deliberately chosen people to be creative individuals, pioneers in their field, and to have the serious streak as a part of their characters. It was additionally of significance for contender to have the option to share esteems and to work adequately as cooperative individuals. It is the author’s supposition that Sir Richard Branson utilized supervisors who were comprised of his picture; as far as close to home qualities and persona. The key accentuation was in advancement and separation. The point was to offer more for less and that each organization was really a Virgin in its own field. Despite the fact that to some this thought may appear to be a piece unrealistic, nobody can deny that â€Å"the Virgin Group is one of the UK’s biggest private companies† (regarding the contextual analysis) with a yearly turnover (assessed) at ? 3bn constantly 2000. The Virgin Group’s method of reasoning is to broaden into the same number of business sectors possible, and expand the Virgin brand name further with ease; where height could be depended upon to diminish hindrances to passage into static markets. The Virgin Group looked for a test in ever adventure. They would expect to give preferable quality items over any rival in a self-satisfied market. The key point is that the market to be entered must be still in its developing stage. The appealing element to Virgin’s Greenfield new companies is the â€Å"reward-to-risk† proportion, which could be followed up on by the accomplished and fit Virgin supervisory crew. To build up the virginity of an endeavor, so to talk in an organized market broad exploration was led into the static market to infer whether a specialty can be accomplished and consequently fulfilled. Sir Richard Branson and his group conveyed their 5 point models, to which 4 out of the 5 must be met by another endeavor before giving the last proceed. Vital Relationships All the business in the Virgin Group is deliberately focused towards a â€Å"five pillar† realm framework that Sir Richard Branson is anxious to make. At â€Å"the heart of Virgin’s center procedure to build up the five mainstays of the business realm: travel, recreation, cell phones, amusement retailing and individual finance†. (Public statements 30/01/02, http://www. virginmoney. com/newscentre/news2002_3. html) As you can see showed in Figure 1 (on page 1) all the endeavors have acquired the Virgin name. What’s in a one may inquire? There answer to that question is an uncommonly all around showcased, advanced and believed brand name. Brand was the absolute most significant resource of the company† (Case Study Page 4, Paragraph 1) By giving an endeavor the prefix of Virgin; is to convey a message to the customer to state for all to hear this new business is a â€Å"virgin† in its commercial center, â€Å"fun†, â€Å"innovative†, â€Å"daring†. It likewise has the impact of moving all the showcasing and limited time tries up to the present for that particular endeavor individu ally. As the creator has recently referenced the name Virgin has gotten equivalent with Sir Richard Branson’s name. The British open can quickly recognize the roots to any Virgin development as Sir Richard Branson’s own special. This is Sir Richard Branson’s key mental methodology; and as you are familiar at this point, Sir Richard Branson assumes a progressively intelligent job into issues of showcasing and advancement; since beside his unquestionable virtuoso advertising and advancement of the Virgin brand name is the Holy Grail to the development of the Virgin Empire. In this manner numerous organizations outside the Virgin Group have demonstrated their enthusiasm through joint endeavors. Instances of the intensity of the Virgin brand name can be finished up from the different joint endeavors that have been framed. For instance Virgin’s vow in the Virgin Direct issue, was a minor ? 15m for the underlying speculation. Be that as it may, AMP Limited the main worldwide monetary administrations introductory speculation was a broad ? 450m; but then it is a 50-50 joint endeavor! All business inside the Virgin Empire as referenced in the Corporate Rationale area yielded transient benefits to increase long haul development and utilized an independent business level dynamic technique. Supervisors are allowed to settle on choices autonomously for development and feel a similar level of proprietorship and qualities that some other chief in the Virgin gathering would feel. Organizations were ‘ring-fenced’ so resources couldn't be exchanged between organizations in the Virgin Group and if an organization turned out to be too huge another organization would be spun off, in its place. Worth Adding The Virgin Group, as a corporate parent esteems to its business. It is accomplished by the accompanying focuses: Understanding of systematized Markets Virgin’s supervisory crew has done well in distinguishing lack of concern in the market. It is this aptitude/experience combined with the technique to offer more for less that has help the Group crash through careless business enterprises. Virgin brand name to defeat boundaries to section The Virgin brand name is a consumer’s champion and as referenced already is a much regarded brand with the British open. Restricting Risk in joint Ventures Any organization, partnership or association in a joint endeavor with the Virgin Group has the advantage of constraining its hazard in the commercial center. This emphasizes the point made in the last section. The board isn't limited A level administration structure energizes development; gives adaptability and advances the estimations of shared possession and duty. InnovationVirgin’s ranking staff comprises of people with fruitful vocations. The Group procures similarly invested accomplices in adventures who coordinate their capacity to enhance and separate. These aggregate creative musings and thoughts are applied straightforwardly into business; which frequently prove to be fruitful. For instance Virgin Mobile figured associations with existing media communications administrators to retail in versatile administrations. The Virgin supervisory group effectively recognized that the lack of concern was in the treatment of system the executives. Their development drove them to advance extraordinary administrations that stun up the market. These included â€Å"no line rentals†, â€Å"no month to month fees† and â€Å"cheaper prepaid† offers. Regardless of the way that Virgin Mobile didn't really work it own system it had won the best remote in the UK. The Main Issues Facing the Virgin Group Virgin Atlantic The carrier business like numerous enterprises is cyclic. This end up being hazardous by 2001, as Virgin appeared to depend totally on the benefits of Virgin Atlantic. Deregulation expanded the opposition in the commercial center. With everything taken into account most printers were encountering misfortunes. Virgin Rail The most concerning issue looked by the Virgin Group was the Strategic Rail Authority’s Review in 2000 in light of the fact that it was the most open. Virgin Rail was casted a ballot the most â€Å"unpopular† rail administrator; and if that wasn’t enough the insights: Virgin positioned 23rd and 24th out of 25 administrators, was adequate purpose behind Sir Richard Branson to feel a stake experience his notoriety. Slow

Terrorist Group ISIS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Psychological militant Group ISIS - Research Paper Example This paper looks to clarify the cause of ISIS, presently known with no guarantees and its ascent to noticeable quality. Latwan Carpenter also clarifies the structure of the Islamic State and the wellsprings of its budgetary quality. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) otherwise called ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) or Islamic State is a political and psychological oppressor association that grasps an extreme comprehension of Islam. ISIS works as a military uprising bunch that looks to implement its belief systems on Muslims and non-Muslims the same in the entire world. ISIS was banished from helping out Al-Qaeda fear monger bunch for being excessively extraordinary, and for utilizing outrageous measures in authorizing their philosophies (Hashim, 2014). ISIS changed its name to the Islamic State after dealing with enormous pieces of Syria and Iraq. Islamic State professes to be the legitimate rulers for the whole Sunni Muslims in the entire world. Through their military and political tasks, they have built up what they see in an express that contains gigantic locales of region in Iraq and Syria. Islamic State activities are headquartered at Raqqa in Syria. Having changed their name from ISIS to IS (Islamic State), the gathering bolsters various philosophical belief systems to keep up its cases. Its supporters battle that they are simply dedicated to what Islam instructs in totality, reviling the people who don't concur with their ways. Their convictions and belief systems are utilized to legitimize the killings of the individuals who restrict their ways, for the most part by their trademark of butchering through cutting of heads. At first began by Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi, the Islamic State association was earlier known as AQI (Al-Qaeda in Iraq). The gathering partook in the US intrusion of Iraq against the US powers after the American government toppled the Saddam Hussein organization. In the year 2013, IS turned out to be a piece of the common war in Syria, be that as it may, rather than

The College Essay Yogurt Edition!

The College Essay Yogurt Edition! I think the college essay is a lot like froyo. It comes in a variety of flavors, you get to customize it, and experimenting with new flavors either yields blissful joy, or, sometimes, yucky disappointment. When I applied to college 2 years ago (2 years! Im old :( ), I wrote over a dozen unique essays to all the colleges I applied to (btw applying to 15 colleges not such a good idea. its tiring, it costs a ridiculous sum of money in application fees, counselors get mad at you for making them work so much =p, and you have to narrow your list down after you get the acceptance letters anyway). I didnt believe in the one size fit all approach when it came to the college essay, and so I strove to write an unique essay for the differing prompts that each college required (there were some exceptions I submitted my MIT essay for Columbia; I still applied via Common App for a couple schools so there were overlaps therebut for all additional essays I tried to tailor them individually). okok. enough rambling. =p 1. Froyo is meant for experimenting. So it is the same with the college essay. Ever walk into a shop with one of those glass cases with all the toppings laid out in a symphony of delicious colors? Sure, its safe to get strawberry (thats what I always get. XP) But why always get the same? College admission officers read upwards of tens of thousands of application essays in one application cycle, so how is your essay going to be different than the myriad of other competing essays? Too often, I notice students get caught in a rut when theyre writing the college essay. Many feel that there always needs to be a moral to the story, and so inevitably all essays end with some variant of these sentences: 1) I felt that I grew a lot from the adversity present in this situation and it really shaped who I am today, 2) Having spent all four years of high school doing this activity, I feel like it became an inseparable part of myself, 3) Having been through so many things and having all of the qualities described above, I feel like Im ready to tackle whatever will come my way. I feel like the most beautiful college essays are the essays that dont hand the reader its moral (or point so to speak) explicitly on a silver platter. The most compelling essays I feel are those that sufficiently paint the picture for the reader, and then leave him on his own to reach his own conclusions. Just look at the Mona Lisa did da Vinci write, in golden font at the base of the painting, Look at her enigmatic smile. Its beautiful!? But-but- you ask, Arent we trying to answer a question? If we dont conclude, how are they going know that I addressed the question? Throughout your years of schooling, the standard introduction-body-conclusion system is ingrained into your mind. You were trained to begin an essay with a well-defined introduction with a thesis sentence, proceed into the body with topic sentences for each individual paragraph, and close with a conclusion that restates the thesis. Works for APUSH essays works for research papers but the college essay? Boring. Yes most college essays will ask you to address a topic (like the MIT main essay) but dont approach it in the same way as you would with a research paper. A research paper is structured thus because youre trying to provide a well-organized collection of facts to a reader that may or may not be interested in what you have to say. With the college essay youre trying to convey a slice of your life, and thus you can take liberties in straying away from the conventional structure. Experiment with your writing style. Approach it differently from how you would typically start an essay. Write it and then at the end come back and ask yourself did I convey my point across effectively? If the answer is a resounding yes! congrats! But- how do you do that? Read on ;) (btw, strawberry-kiwi-mango = loveee. its tri-colored too! =p) 2. Marshmellow-butterscotch-blueberry-oreo-mango-pineapple-waffle? Not cute. Consider the following examples: At times, it appeared that we were surmounting an impassable obstacle. However, through the camaraderie and the solidarity of our aquatics team, we triumphed over our defeats and inevitably reached the pennant of victory. Back in July, my friends made fun of me when I told them that I was going to start a swimming team. Laughing, they told me to return to my math problems. Today, standing in the limelight, I look over at my teammates and cant help but marvel at how far weve come. Two sentences notice a difference? Which one draws you closer to the author? Its not surprising that you may find the second sentence to be a lot more down-to-earth. The simple reason is just because the sentence is conveying a narrative in an everyday tone, rather than adopting pedantic verbiage. Another problem that I see a lot in my peers back in the day when we were all applying to college is that people would try really hard to make themselves sound educated by trying to use all of these advanced vocabulary in their essays. Not satisfied with improved? Try ameliorated. Common sounds too simple? What about pedestrian? Often, their essays end up turning into a convoluted amalgam of abstruse discourse, confounding the audience in a valiant embellishment of protracted circumlocution. A note of caution here: Im not trying to say that you should tone down your writing if you use a lot of vocabulary in your writing but be careful of what the voice in your essay sounds like. Does it sound like you, or does it sound like someone thats trying too hard with a thesaurus? At the bottom line, the essay should be about you so dont be afraid of showing your own voice! (believe me an essay that tries too hard is very easy to spot) (Im going to segue into something cool that you can do with your essay here, but please dont solely use this test to measure how good your essay is! That is something no machine can tell you. Youve been warned. Click.) 3. The first and last spoonfuls are the sweetest. Sometimes I steal a bite of my friends froyo (instead of buying my own -____-| | |) cuz I think one spoonful with all the icy yogurt-tangy goodness is heaven enough. And so it is with the college essay. Consider your lead-in and your ending (namely, the first sentence and your last sentence, but more broadly, your first paragraph-ish and your last paragraph). When you took the SAT, you were probably exhorted to use an engaging opening sentence in your essay, since the graders will spend no more than a couple of minutes on your essay, and sometimes the opening sentence is the most important factor in luring the reader in. The college essay is very much the same way the adcoms have thousands of them to sort through, and a banal essay would probably begin with something like An experience that changed my life is Someone that I looked up to isbecause Be engaging, be active. Paint a picture for your audience. Personally, I liked telling stories in my essays. I nearly always began each essay with a short narrative, since it makes the lead-in a lot easier (you can basically just segue into whatever you want to talk about through the little story that youve laid out). As for the conclusion, my AP Literature teacher was fond of saying that a great essay always contains something at the end for the reader to think about. For example, classics in world literature rarely resolve their conflicts and plot in a single, sweeping chapter that encompasses everything that you possibly would like to know about with each and every character afterwards. Usually, classics end in such a way that give you pause after reading the last sentence of the last paragraph, and lets you consider the implications of the hundreds of pages that youve just read before. What does this mean? No happily ever after endings, no trite endings like joining the aquatics team had truly made me a new person. Some good things to consider though, are: offering the reader something to think about (doesnt have to be in the form of a direct question) or a tie-back to your beginning narrative (the second part of the story in your intro, for example I tend to utilize this pretty often drawing the reader back to the scene Ive painted in the beginning). Avoid unnecessary puns or wordplay, moralizing statements (I have truly discovered the meaning of courage), and lame witty comments at all cost, although for some odd reason Ive read dozens and dozens of SAT essays that end like this (through grading the exams for the SAT Prep program I direct). 4. Making great yogurt takes time. Did you know that because frozen yogurt melts and freezes much slower than ice cream because yogurt has a higher heat of fusion than milk? (!!! I was amazed when I discovered this) Take your time when you write your essay. Your essay should never be churned out hours before the application deadline in a desperate struggle to complete your application (although I was guilty of that for one essay). A well-written essay takes time to distill in the back of your mind, and cant be forced out by hours of sitting in front of Microsoft Word. Something I like to do when I have to write an essay is that Ill actually Scotch-tape the prompt on top of my desk as soon as its assigned, and just leave it there until I begin writing my essay. I also try to remember the gist of the prompt, and think about possible approaches and content during the down-times of my day (waiting for the bus, being bored in lecture, shopping at the supermarketetc.). Note that this kind of thinking isnt like okay-Im-going-to-sit-down-now-and-only-think-about-the-essay kind of thinking, but rather an ongoing process in the back of your mind. If you get used to thinking like this, you just automatically begin to process things in your mind all the time without meaning to do them. For example, my lead to the Stanford essay came to me when I was showering; Caltech, when I was walking to a convenience store. Now, if I have a particularly pestering pset question that eludes my attempts at trying to rationalize it, Ill store it in that thinking compartment i n the back of my brain and chances are Ill discover a new lead to doing the problem at some random time during the day. This is why a good essay takes time. Just like making good yogurt takes time for all the bacteria to happily multiply in warm milk. A brute-forced essay, like its counterpart in mathematical proofs, should be the last resort, simply because there is no elegance to it. Therefore, if you havent started thinking about your Regular Action essays, start now! You will thank yourself later :) 5. One word Passion. When it comes to writing to college essay, I think it really boils down to one word. Passion. The essay should almost be an extension of yourself what you like to do, your dreams, and what defined you as a person through high school. Speak to the audience. Paint a picture in words. Share with them what you really loved in high school, your ups and your downs what defines your life. I look at the college essay and I feel like its the only expressive part to the whole application that you get (well, aside from the interview). Its the only opportunity where you would be able to share with your readers a slice of your life away from mundane test scores, GPA, and lists of activities. Why not capitalize on this opportunity and really try hard to present who you really are? Write from your heart better yet, write with the energy and drive that is uniquely yours (I would write, write with your soul but I thought that sounded too cheesy. =p) FAQ that doesnt really fit anywhere else: Should I get my teachers/friends to proofread the essay? For my very first college essay, I asked two teachers to revise it for me, since it was omg-this-is-my-first-essay! Although I was grateful for the work of my teachers, my essay turned into 13 rewrites and a final product that sounded nearly nothing like me. After submitting that essay for my Early Decision school, I quickly trashed it and proceeded to write the ensuing Regular Actions completely from scratch. Upon finishing an essay, I usually proofread the completed essay 10 times over the course of three days or so (you shouldnt proofread the essay all in one sitting, since your tired brain probably will be fried and you will just end up skimming through the same mistakes). And thats it! Thus, I think its all up to you. Try asking an adult to read it and see what they feel, although I definitely do not think that you must have had an adult read it to make it a good essay. At times, you risk losing your original voice from over-editing. What about the essay prompts? I addressed the explanations above generally to the prompt of Tell us about an experience that shaped who you are or one of MITs essay prompts (Tell us about the world that you came from.). However, one important thing is to pay attention to the prompts of your college essays. Some colleges are very free and you can pretty much attach anything you want (when I applied Columbia and Harvard), while others are tailored and you have to answer their questions (Stanford, Caltech). If they ask for a specific response, be sure to address the prompt! (this is also the reason why I wrote so many different essays to each individual school). Word count? This is the old argument that I feel like no one can really address with the exception of the adcoms who would actually be reading your essays. I would go with the aged wisdom of following the instructions on the application essay. If they specifically ask you not to overdo it (like MIT), keeping it around 500 words seem reasonable. If they dont specify a word limit, then exercise your best judgment. Chances are that you should always be able to slim down your essay though. If its really hard determining how much fluff you have in your essay, actually go through the entirely essay sentence by sentence and ask yourself, what is the connection of this sentence to the rest of the essay? do I really need it? Can you post your essay? In short, no. Be creative! I dont understand why people need sample essays while they are applying to college since the application essay should be completely and originally yours. How can you tailor someones dreams and writing styles to fit your own voice? Great links? Other questions? I thought that the College Boards guide to writing a good essay is really well-written. Something else that I forgot to mention above but College Board does is this! Dont Write a Resume Dont include information that is found elsewhere in the application. Your essay will end up sounding like an autobiography, travelogue, or laundry list. Yawn. Also, feel free to leave a message if you have other questions about the essay. Finally, what does this entry have to do with froyo? Nothing really. I really wanted to write a blog on how to write the essay but I had to use froyo to lure you in (if youre still reading this very, very lengthy blog at this point). To compensate, I guess Ill leave you with some visual icy goodness. =p On a side note, the bloggers are all getting together for froyo tomorrow! :)

History Thesis Reconstruction Era Essay - 1574 Words

After the Civil War, America was still amidst great turmoil and economic instability. During this time period, the ultimate goal for Americans was to seize the â€Å"American Dream†. This was defined by most as being able to support their family and live a comfortable life. Although some did achieve this, many faced social, political and economic hardships. Beginning with the unjust treatment of African-Americans, then the struggles of immigrants, and followed by the rise of big businesses, the challenges faced during this time of rebuilding varied among the classes. Of all the groups, African-Americans, had the most treacherous economic ladder to climb. Immediately following the Civil War they had the freedoms necessary to obtain†¦show more content†¦These â€Å"newcomers† did not deserve to come here and steal their jobs. Mike Trudic’s account from his childhood referred to his father’s hunt in America to desperately find work, â€Å"At t he end of a week he was taken ill and died. It said he died of a broken heart†(Mike, 188). There were just too many workers and not enough jobs to be filled. Another first hand source provided by Rose Cohen, called Out of the Shadow, depicts the story of a jewish girl in New York and the experiences her family goes through in order to reach a sustainable lifestyle. The struggles included descriptions of harsh working conditions and anti-semitism, which created difficulty for immigrants who were trying to assimilate into the American culture. The formation of unions helped workers of similar nature band together and demand better wages for their work. Many workers went on-strike, demanding higher wages, but living paycheck to paycheck it was difficult to weather out an entire strike. With the onset of industrialization and the automation of many factory jobs, the amount of jobs available decreased and further dumbed down the jobs, requiring less education to operate eff ectively, and further increasing the market for competition. Immigrants just wanted to sustain a good job that can make them enough money to support their family and live comfortably, but had a tough time being affluent in America while working wage-labor shifts in poor workingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Two Part of the United States Reconstruction Era590 Words   |  3 PagesUnited States’ history, the Reconstruction Era had two senses. From 1865 to 1877 was the first, which involved the post Civil War action. The second sense, focused on the transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877 with the Congress directing the issue of reconstruction of state and society (â€Å"Reconstruction Era†). 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The perspectives on the history, the tone contrast with the two authors. The information provided was almost identical and the evidence to support their thesis both came from the same sources. During the Industrial Revolution, there were innovated advancements toRead MoreReconstruction after the Civil War900 Words   |  4 PagesAfter Reading John Hope Franklin’s  Reconstruction after the Civil War  I have a completely new outlook on reconstruction. Some may say that this book, regardless of its historical contribution on Reconstruction, which it tries to demolish William Dunning’s myth of white supremacy. It is also has a very serious attempt to be fair and objective about a very controversial period when race, politics and ideology played a very different role in Society. It is precisely in Franklin’s abilityRead MoreOutline Of The Reconstruction During The Civil War1041 Words   |  5 Pages1. Statement of Topic: What topic will you be researching for your final project? African Americans 2. Events Event 1: 1877 to 1945 Event: Reconstruction When: 1870 – 1877 Where: In the United States History, the reconstruction history Period followed the adjustments after the civil war. Who: After the end of the civil war, the south was completely ruined. The physical destruction was enormous. The Old social and economic order that was foundered on slavery collapsed completely. Read MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagescontinued his education with graduate school at Columbiana University. There he received a Master of Arts. In 1947, he received his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in history from The  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Then he taught at  Johns Hopkins University. He made the achievement of becoming Sterling Professor of History at  Yale  University from 1961 to 1977. Woodward s most influential work is  The Strange Career of Jim Crow  which was published in 1955. In the book, he explained howRead MoreAmerican South And Race Relations Essay1186 Words   |  5 Pagescontinued his education with graduate school at Columbiana University. There he received a Master of Arts. In 1947, he received his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in history from The  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Then he taught at  Johns Hopkins University. He made the achievement of becoming Sterling Professor of History at  Yale  University from 1961 to 1977. Woodward s most influential work is  The Strange Career of Jim Crow  which was published in 1955. In the book, he explained howRead MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pages1931, Woodward enrolled into graduate school at Columbiana university. He received a Master’s of Arts in 1932. In 1947, he received his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in history from The  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was a professor at  Johns Hopkins University  from 1946 to 1961. He then became Sterling Professor of History at  Yale  University from 1961 to 1977, in which he taught graduate students and undergraduates. Woodward s most influential work is  The Strange Career of Jim Crow  whichRead MoreFrederick Turner Jackson: Frontier Thesis1136 Words   |  5 Pagesaround him, Turner chose to become a history professor, devoting his entire life to studying American culture/society while teaching at the University of Wisconsin and Harvard. Constantly having the opportunity to study and observe the development of the â€Å"American†, Turner wrote extensively, about which attributes composed and influenced American democracy, societal values, and image. He published an essay, â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History† about these topics in 1893, and presented

Ethical Challenge - 619 Words

EARTHWEAR CLOTHIERS MINI-CASE Chapter 19: Ethics Evaluation List at least three alternatives available to Mike? Alternative 1: Mike can eat lost time and only Alex and mike will know. 2. Mike should identify who will primarily be affected by his ethical dilemma (in this case and Dianne).He must reach out to her and explain the situation 3. Mike checks down the actual occured time and simply tells his senior(Alex) about how he was not comfortable with eating time. What are the pros or potential upside of each alternative you listed above? Alternative 1: Dianne may be impressed by him on finishing on time and Mike and Alex may receive good evaluation. 2. Dianne may appreciate Mikes honesty and grant him more time. 3. Alex could†¦show more content†¦It may be tough for Mike. He may receive a bad evaluation for his job which will look very bad on his reputation and his school. However, It will also send a message to the Management that he is an ethical person and can be trusted on ethical dilimmas. The future staff will also benefit from the extra/correct budgeted time. Dianne may not get the promotion however, there will always be more chances to get a promotion. In your opinion, which of Mikes alternative courses of action would provide the best outcome and why? I believe Mike should write down the actual time occurred on the time sheet. It would be best for the firm and Mikes reputation. When Mike writes down the actual time even though he was pressured not to do so; it shows about his character and his ethical will power. This characteristic of his will lead him to become a very good Auditor in the future. How would you handle the ethical issues involved in this situation? I would write down the actual occurred time on the cash deposits; and explain to Alex that I felt uncomfortable about eating time. If situation plays out, I will try to talk to Dianne to explain her the situation and apologize for the mistake I made. I will assure her that next time I will be more competent onShow MoreRelatedEthical And Ethical Challenges Of Organizations1536 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"A major problem we identify in business is that organisations are designed as profit making mechanisms and have no interest in the good of society† (Bartlett Preston, 2000). Companies always want to have an ethical advantage over other companies but only for the profit. 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Moons of Our Solar System Free Essays

string(91) " of consumers were equally classified as refusing or accepting genetically modified foods\." â€Å"Genetically modified (GM) foods are food items that have had their DNA changed through genetic engineering. † (Mavis 2008). As the population of the world has continued to grow, the supply pressure of food has become more and more significant. We will write a custom essay sample on Moons of Our Solar System or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the development of Genetically Modified biotechnology, GM Foods have been come into our daily lives. Though GM foods can help to improve the quality of life, there are risks to complete trust in GM foods. What’s more important, a part of consumers still have doubts about the understanding towards GM food. The question† What attitudes does consumers have on purchasing genetically modified food? † is meaningful because that the issue about GM foods is becoming increasingly controversial. The controversies towards GM foods generally focus on environmental ethics, food security, poverty alleviation and environmental conservation. As customers are divided on their relative importance, some supporters claim that the GM technology can solve the problem of food crisis and poverty. They also consider that GM foods are beneficial to environment such as they can protect soil and water. However, opponents think that GM foods should have some potential threat to human health and they violate the rules of nature by mixing genes among different species. The purpose of this research is to gain a deep understand about the consumers’ attitudes towards purchasing GM foods and find out if most of consumers can accept GM foods. (Hutchison, 2004) Literature review In the last few years, many articles on the consumers’ attitudes toward GM food have appeared. There is a concise review of existing literature that evaluates consumers’ attitudes as following. Most of the information on European attitudes comes from a journal by Bredahl, Grunert, and Scholderer (2003). The article focuses on posted and answered four questions on European consumers’ attitudes towards the use of GM food. These four questions are: (1) how negative are consumer attitudes to the event â€Å"GM technology applied in food production†? (2) How do these negative attitudes affect the preference of consumer for GM products? (3) How deeply does these attitudes rooted in customers’ opinion? 4) Will the new information and experience change the customers’ attitudes? Bredahl, Grunert, and Scholderer (2003) believe that these four questions are central for understanding the consumers’ attitudes about GM food. The article use some tables to evaluate the consumers’ attitudes about genetic modification in food production in seven European countries which are the UK, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway , Italy and Sweden. The data shows that most of the customer have negative attitude towards GM food, the average support for GM foods is quite low. The national differences can also be showed through the table: the attitude is most positive in Italy, and is most negative in Germany and the Scandinavian countries, while Finland and the UK in a middle position. And the article also showed some other surveys to support this result, for example, the Eurobarometer surveys, which is a most well know one, have also shown that most of consumers do not like GM foods (Frewer Shepherd, 1995 and Durant, Bauer Gaskell, 1998European Commission, 1997, European Commission, 2000,) For the question how these negative attitudes affect the preference of consumer for GM foods, Bredahl, Grunert, and Scholderer (2003) have design a research about yoghurt. In general, consumers prefer the low-Fat yoghurt, but the yoghurt will become non-attractive consistency if they produced based on skimmed milk. Though using additives can improve this problem, many consumers don’t like additives. However, by using GM technology, the yoghurt can be enough consistency, fat-free and no additives. It provided a good basis for the consumer preferences. In the research, consumers inspected the three products which are normal yoghurt, additives yoghurt and labeled GM yoghurt and rank them according to preference. And they must explain the reason for the ranking. The result showed that most of consumer rank GM yoghurt to last choice. And the common reasons are that the GM technology is not familiar and not trustworthy, they don’t know if the product is healthy, and it harms nature. The conclusion is explicit: the attitude to GM food has a strong influence on the preference of consumers. The third question and the last question were researched in another study. Respondents were asked to take part in a taste test of eight cheeses. Two weeks later, they participated in another taste test which only provides two kinds of cheese. One cheese was the same taste as the one which obtain the highest preference in the first test and it was labeled â€Å"produced with genetically modified technology†; the other one was the some taste as the one which obtain a medium preference in the first test. The results showed that when the most popular cheese labeled genetically modified technology, the preference was reduced. So, the study shows the attitude on GM food is deeply rooted in consumers’ opinion and is not easily to change by experience. There are also some other important researches about consumers’ attitudes towards GM food. Hamstra (1995) evaluate the acceptance of consumers toward GM food through three studies of Dutch consumers. Product characteristics and consumer characteristics are included in these studies. In the first study, consumers participated in a face-to-face interview about their attitudes and willingness to buy nine different GM foods (Hamstra, 1991). Means-end chain theory was used in the second study to further research these aspects in some focus group discussions (Hamstra, 1993). The third study used the sample of consumers to evaluate the model which developed in the second study (Hamstra, 1995). As a result, the studies showed that perceived benefits have a greater impact on consumers’ attitudes than perceived risks and there is no link between attitudes and knowledge of the genetically modified technology. Kutznesof and Ritson (1996) investigated Irish and British consumers’ attitudes through focus group discussions. The results divided the consumers’ attitudes towards genetically modified foods into three types: â€Å"triers†, â€Å"undecided consumers† and â€Å"refusers’†. A large number of consumers were classified into the second group, and the rest of consumers were equally classified as refusing or accepting genetically modified foods. You read "Moons of Our Solar System" in category "Papers" Through the research, Kutznesof and Ritson (1996) found that there are some factors can increase the acceptability of genetically modified foods such as perceived consumer-related benefits, price consciousness, increased product quality (especially the taste), and increased purity of products. They also found that the acceptability of consumers depends on the types of genetically modified foods: the genetically modified technology used on vegetables, fruits and dairy products can be more acceptable than eggs and meat. Some studies have analyzed consumers’ attitudes towards GM foods at a more broadly level. The attitudes of consumers have been proved to be more positive towards applying genetically modified technology to plants than to human genetic material or animals. Frewer, Hedderley, Howard Shepherd, 1997) The study which completed by Cook and Moore (2002) indentifies the relative importance, nature and strength of influences on New Zealand consumers’ intentions towards purchasing genetically modified foods. The study used four methods to evaluate the consumers’ attitudes which are focus groups, the questionnaire, statistical methods and distribution. Results delivered questionnaires to 289 consumers and received 266. The respondents contain 171 f emales and 95 males. In the received questionnaires, 159 respondents had an intention or strong intention not to purchase GM foods, 27 respondents had an purchasing or a strong purchasing intention and 80 respondents had no intention to purchase GM foods. Through the analysis with â€Å"Ordered logit analysis† and â€Å"Marginal effects for the extended model† which related to self-identity, attitude, SN and PBC, Cook and Moore (2002) found that self-identity, attitude, SN and PBC can provide a positively influence on consumers’ attitude towards purchasing GM food. Males may more easily to feel in control over purchasing the food than females, on the contrary, females may easily to feel in control over not purchasing the genetically modified food. In addition, other related research shown that the New Zealand public may be slightly less against with purchasing GM food. A national survey about farmers’ attitudes found that 49% farmers not willing to purchase GM food and 12% farmers had positive attitudes to purchase (Cook et al. , 2000). Sallie and Michael, B (2004) choice modeling methods to analyze in what conditions the Australian consumers are willing to purchase GM food, and they also discuss these preferences in the report. The results of the report suggest that if there has a discount on the consumers’ favorite food, they will have an intention to purchase the genetically modified foods. The report also showed that genetically modified technology which used on animals seems to be more unacceptable to respondents than that use on plants, especially among female respondents. In addition, another condition which can influence the consumers’ attitudes for a certain type of food is age of the consumer; the results found that older people generally more accept of genetically modified technology than younger people. In conclusion, the above literature shows that most consumers have the negative attitudes towards purchasing genetically modified foods, and these negative attitudes are not easy to change that can affect the preference of consumers. Furthermore, some conditions such as age and sex of consumers, the species that be applied with GM technology and the discount of genetically modified foods can also effect the consumers’ attitudes. Methodology: The main method of this research is questionnaire which contains online questionnaire and a paper-based survey questionnaire. And the responds assumed to be truthfully. The online questionnaire will be designed on the official websites of large-scale supermarkets. And the links of questionnaire should also be sent to the email of the consumers who are the VIP or the regular consumer of these supermarkets. In addition, the questionnaire will not exceed 8 minutes. The questionnaire should contain open-ended questions and close-ended questions. The sample open-ended questions should be â€Å"Do you have a positive attitude or negative attitude towards purchasing genetically modified foods? Why? † and â€Å"How you access the knowledge about genetically modified technology†. On the other hand, the close-ended question must contain the sex and the age level of the respondents, the questions should be designed like â€Å"I have a intention to purchase foods produced using genetically modified technology (very strongly disagree, disagree, agree or very strongly agree)† â€Å"what do you think your family members’ or friends’ opinion would be when you purchasing genetically modified foods? (Extremely unfavorable, unfavorable, favorable or extremely favorable)† â€Å"Do you think your family members’ or friends’ opinion will change your attitudes towards purchasing genetically modified foods? Very strongly disagree, disagree, agree, or very strongly agree)†. These three questions are very important to understand the consumers’ attitudes towards purchasing genetically modified foods. The advantage of online questionnaire is that it is a less expensive way to investigate more people, and it can also invest igate the people who are at a far distance. Furthermore, the questionnaire can be quickly done and anonymity ensures more valuable responses. But there are also some drawbacks about online questionnaire that must be foreseen. For example, in general, the responds to online questionnaire are from younger people and the response rate should be limited because that not everyone can access to the website. All these conditions should be considered on the result of research. The paper-based survey questionnaire will be sent to the consumers in supermarkets. In order to attract the consumers, the people who accept investigate can get a small gift as an incentive that can increase the participate rate. The age of participate range should between twenties and sixties. And the details of paper questionnaire may be same as the online questionnaire. The drawback of paper-based survey is that poor handwriting may be appeared on the space of open-ended question and some of them cannot be identified accurately. Secondary research is also needed in order to assist the evaluation about results of questionnaire survey. The secondary sources can be found in three areas: sales report of a well-known company which produces genetically modified foods, customer database of this company and primary data. Newspapers, previous research reports, journal content, and government statistics could provide the primary data to secondary. The limitations of secondary research should also be considered during the process of research. For example, some secondary data may not be helpful to the research evaluation because that some data can be vague and general. On the other hand, the source of data must be checked in order to ensure the data is accurate. Moreover, the data maybe out of date. At last, the results of questionnaire and secondary research should be collect together to evaluate the respondents’ attitudes toward purchasing genetically modified foods and calculate if most of consumers can accept GM food. Conclusion: There should be two results of this research; one result is that most of consumers can accept genetically modified foods. It means as genetically modified technology becoming increasingly more oriented lifestyle, the consumers are increasingly familiar with the technology about genetically modified foods, more and more people can trust in GM food. The other result is that most of consumers cannot accept genetically modified foods, and the questionnaire can affect the reasons. It means people still have doubts about the safety and technology of genetically modified food. Genetically modified food is new technology products, though it still exist some problems, but with the development of science and technology, it will be more and more perfect. As long as follow the certain rules, life will be more superior with the healthy and orderly development of GM technology. How to cite Moons of Our Solar System, Papers

Consequeces of Cheating Essay Example For Students

Consequeces of Cheating Essay Two down slips and youre off the team. Flunk that class and you dont graduate. Get a B and your parents are disappointed. These pressures are real and many students take what they see as the easy way out, for some it is the only way out. Cheating is wrong and everybody knows that. However, both students and teachers generally turn a blind eye and deaf ear to the dilemma. Its easier to do nothing than to confront this epidemic. I believe that grades as a whole are creating this addiction to cheating. I believe that our whole grading system needs revision. Last years Valedictorian was cream-of-the-crop. She was in National Honor Society, Student Council and was even the Homecoming Queen. She received all As in high school. In her first semester of college, she failed every single class. She attempted suicide and is now on anti-depression medication. She couldnt make it in college because she had cheated her way through high school. Pressure to succeed was overwhelming. Was it her fault for using the crutch of cheating, her teachers fault or the grading systems fault? Is it societys fault? Its probably somewhere in that combination, but cheating is the disease that put her where she is now. I believe that there are few options to control this epidemic. It will take commitment and time. The concept of Choices and Consequences must be drilled into childrens minds at a very young age. Every one who influences the child-from the parents to the community members and even the media-must teach (and live) values. Teachers and other role models must enforce the fact that cheating is wrong and violators should have a price to pay. Finally, is the whole concept of grades and competition for #1 really necessary? Isnt there some other way? Bibliography: .

Why Computer Science free essay sample

Why computer science One of the earliest memoy of my life is when I destroyed my father`s computer, so my father punished me. This was how I learned computers and respect for my family. That was how I learned about computer science. Now, everybody in my family gets everything from a computer, and if he wants to buy a new computer or has problems with his computer, he asks me first. Because computer science is useful for jobs, video games, and life, I enjoy studying my subject. First, I believe computer science has plenty of jobs, and it can make easy money. Computer science gives me an easy job. I am an assistant teacher of information technology, and it is a very interesting job. I began working for King Abdulaziz University after I graduated in 2007. Before I graduated, I was nervous about getting a job. When will I get the job? All my friend were searching for jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Computer Science or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Founding a job wasnt easy. They were at home for one year or more than year, but I got the job after four months. That was because of my major. I make $35000 every year. That is a good salary in my country. In Saudi Arabia, the average salary is $25000 every year. I spend the money on my family and my wife. I save the money for studying and my future life. Second, my hobby is video games, and I love it. When I am free, I play video games. I can play alone or with my friends. When I play video game, I have a lot of fun. I spend a lot hours with my friends and brothers playing. I like to play sports and Adventuring games. I think you can learn a lot from video games. Like languages and math skills, and There are many games for learning. Simulation games can save a lot money. For example, pilots can train in Simulation games before they drive real airplanes. Finally, computers give us an easy life. I believe life today is better than it was 100 years ago. Modern life is very different from life 100 years ago because the computer was founded. I am glad to study computer science. I am going to study computer science all my life. I really enjoyed when I study or learn new technology. I would advise everyone to study computers because it is useful and interesting

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buy custom Al Futtaim Group essay Al Futtaim Company has grown tremendously since its establishment in 1930. The companys headquarter is based in Dubai and United Arab Emirates. This company has expanded its business activities, and it is currently offering arrange of high quality products and services to its clients worldwide. Apart from diversification, Al Futtaim Company has extended its presence to various countries. For instance, it has opened various outlets in the Middle East and Europe. This expansion process has been characterized by a significant increase in its number of employees. At present, the company has over twenty thousand employees serving in various outlets. Maintaining this huge number of employees has been a challenge to this company. In order to overcome this challenge, the company has adopted a more effective strategy for coordinating its human resource services. In this case, the company has shifted from a decentralized to a centralized HR system. This is because the decentralized system of managing its workers was marred with a lot of inefficiency, which often caused dissatisfaction among its employees. A centralized HR system has also enabled the company to streamline and merge its HR services. With regard to this strategy, the company is currently using SAP ERP HCM software. This computer program has enhanced a smooth transition from the old HR system to the new one. The sophisticated nature of this program has enabled the employees to handle and access basic HR services independently. For instance, the employees can adjust their profiles, and make various requests through this system. Besides this, the software has facilitated quick processing of requests and effective preparation of payrolls. By consolidating its HR practices, Al Futtaim Company has been able to mitigate expenses associated with managing its human resource operations. Moreover, the software has been a greet source of motivation to the personnel, since it is efficient. Consequently, the company has registered a significant growth within the few months it has been using the centralized system. Buy custom Al Futtaim Group essay

System architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

System architecture - Essay Example Dependant upon particular needs that the client inquired. Just like the colonel’s point of view on leadership features, Mr. Siegel requires the organization to promote real customer interactions, motivating staff to be able to each turn into a chief and be able to function separate, though right at the end to be able to integrate and act as a team. Mr. Siegel’s model helps bring about carrying out items correct initially (Evans, 2014). The particular colonel deals with the likelihood regarding chance concerning his / her company while using the expression â€Å"If that isn’t shattered, don’t repair it. † Given that they monitor the matter and maintain that wouldn’t certainly be an issue. Also the colonel emphasis on having excellent listening skills when involved with resolving conflicts among employees or dealing with customers needs. He supports the notion of leaders who also trust their employees. Also, good leaders should have the capability to delegate and empower others in the organization while still maintaining control of everything in the system. Also, the Colonel has his head continually â€Å"looking below the surface† in order to pinpoint situations that do not meet the leader’s standards. Mr. Siegel furthermore says the significance associated with splendid, crystal clear connect skills as well as the ability to focus on fine detail; often through jamming or watching. Moreover, Mr. Siegel’s builder emphasizes that will software has its disorders and this right supervision by itself will not always resolve the look issues (Evans, 2014). Evans, R. K., Hill, G. M., NASA Glenn Research Center,, & United States. (2014). Data acquisition system architecture and capabilities at NASA GRC Plum Brook Stations space environment test

World Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

World Literature - Essay Example The Kite Runner begins with the protagonist, Amir, telling us that the past cannot be forgotten. An instance has been haunting him for the past twenty-six years. As a twelve year old he witnesses Assef, a local bully and his friends, attack and rape Hassan at the annual kite fighting tournament. He stands watching helplessly, unable to rescue of his friend. He commits the ultimate sin of running away leaving Hassan at the mercy of the bullies. After this incident he is unable to face Hassan. Hassan’s presence in the house becomes a constant reminder of his guilt. He feels one of them has to leave the house if he has to forget the incident. Amir frames Hassan for theft and Hassan goes away. With the war striking Afghanistan, Amir and his father are forced to flee. They begin a new life in America. Amir chooses to settle in America as it "had no ghosts, no memories, and no sins" (Hosseini (2003), Kite Runner). Amir becomes an author and marries Soraya. However, his peaceful life is shattered when an old friend, Rahim Khan calls him. Rahim tells him that Hassans son, Sohrab is in Kabul living a life of poverty in an orphanage. He must go to Kabul to save him. This is when his past sins come back to haunt him. He is once again reminded of Hassan and "Those thorny old barbs of guilt bore into me once more, as if speaking his name had broken a spell, set them free to torment me anew" (The Kite Runner). As David Kipen (2003) says â€Å"he sees a chance to redeem himself from the secrets that have left him psychically stranded between Afghanistan and the United States. â€Å" This and Rahims words "There is a way to be good again" (The Kite Runner) become focal points for the rest of the book. According to Damini Raleigh (2007) â€Å"Sometimes we can just catch the ghosts of our past, capture them and undo our future of guilt. Sometimes redemption is just a step away. Sometimes it’s never too late to come back and sometimes there is a

The success of transformational leadership

The success of transformational leadership Drawing on a critical examination of both theory and empirical research, how can the role of leadership be best understood in organizational change? Key to evolution of an Organization is how well it can adapt to changes be it structural or financial. A good leadership plays a pivotal role in such transitions and will often be the most influential aspect in such changes being implemented successfully. Considering the fact that both Organizational Change and Leadership are very widely defined, for the purpose of the essay I would like to use the following definitions, Leader is a person with vision, energy, authority, and strategic direction ref: (Robert Coffee and Gareth Jones, 2000), Organizational Change is the process of continually renewing an organizations direction, structure, and capabilities to serve the ever-changing needs of external and internal customers- ref: (Moran and Brightman, 2001). Change is one of challenges an organization can face. It, being a continuous process, dealing successful with it is critical to an organizations success- ref: (Kudray and Kleiner, 1997), and certain management levers, such as, strategy, operations, should be constantly altered for the organization to be aligned with the market place. Having said that, it is also very important to critically identify the needed change within the organization. If a certain change is identified as a pivotal one for the growth of the organization, it is also important to consider how the change will be received by the people who will be a part of it. Resistance in our context is opposing to the change. Resistance is very likely with-in the team when the importance of the change is not know. There are various known reasons for someone to resist the change. Some of which are job insecurity and the fear of losing the power. There are existing theories which say that resistance is good and it is related to the individual identity and organizational values. Despite of being a time consuming process, it is very important to overcome resistance to implement the change successfully. Lewins 3 step model for change, Unfreeze, Change and Refreeze: ref ( Lewin, 1951) is considered to be there mother of all change models. The point here was to have organizations prepare initially to ease the process of the change in order to overcome resistance. It has been argued upon, that this theory might not be holding good for the current day situation, as organizations are constantly changing and they will never be having the opportunity to refreeze or attain the new state of equilibrium. Kotters 8 Step Model, ref: ( Kotter, J , 1995) also talks about implementing a change within the organization but considering the present day needs and situation. This model tries to address the developed resistance in the implementation on the change. An effective leadership will always try and overcome resistance and help successfully implement the change, which need not be a top down approach. For a change to be accepted, Nahvandi (2003), believes that you need to first motivate those in y our guiding collation or transformational leadership team. This, per him, is the best achieved through inspiration of the team, which enables them to enact change. Transformational leadership includes inspiring them with a charm and charisma, challenging the team to solve the problems rather than we doing it ourselves and developing personal relationship with each one of them. A combination of these 3 attributes is the best known vehicle to overcome resistance. ref( Nahvandi, 2003). Transformational leadership is that which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ facilitates a redefinition of a peoples mission and vision, a renewal of their commitment and the restructuring of their systems for goal accomplishment. It is a relationship of mutual stimulation and elevation that converts followers into leaders and may convert leaders into moral agents. Hence, transformational leadership must be grounded in moral foundations. ref(Leithwood, as cited in Cashin et al., 2000, p.1) . According to Bass (1990b, p. 21) transformational leadership occurs when leaders broaden and elevate the interests of their employees, when they generate awareness and acceptance of the purposes and mission of the group, and when they stir employees to look beyond their own self-interest for the good of the group. Success of transformational leadership has been demonstrated by studies in diverse settings such as schools, corporations etc. -ref(Bryant, 2003, p. 36).Also there are existing studies to prove the effectiveness of transformational leadership regardless of culture ref:(Perttula Xin,2005) . Per Carlson and Perrewe (1995, p. 834), as a result of transformational leadership, changes in the organizations mission, strategy, and subordinate commitment levels are very likely to emerge. Also, Odom and Green (2003) argue that principles of transformational leadership (i.e., intellectual stimulation, idealized influence) applied to ethical dilemmas faced by managers offers the prospect of less litigation and better ethical outcomes than the more common transactional approach to ethics. Though Transformational Leadership is the latest buzz word, there have been many people in the past who have demonstrated the traits of this form of leadership. For instance, Genghis Khan was a transformational leader who, during the late 12th and early 13th centuries, united fiercely independent Mongol tribes to ultimately create one of the largest land empires ever seen ref(Yates, 2002). Lee Iacocca is a transformational leader who is credited with saving the Chrysler Corporation. He took over Chrysler when it was on the brink of bankruptcy and set about transforming the ideals of his closest subordinates. In turn, that began to reshape the corporations culture. Because a transformational leader encourages others to becomes transformational leaders, soon the entire organization was filled with effective leaders (Kelly, 2003). Within military and government contexts, General Colin Powell overcame entrenched racism (particularly in the US military) and low institutional expectations of African Americans to become chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1989. He went further, becoming in 1991 the first African American to become US Secretary of State, a position some said he filled with vision and the qualities of a transformational leader (Chekwa, 2001). Other transformational leaders include Christine Nixon, the current Police Chief Commissioner in the Australian state of Victoria, who is popularly understood to have transformed the culture of that police force for the good, and Sir Richard Branson, responsible for international Virgin enterprises (Lussier Achua, 2004). These are positive examples of transformational leaders but as critics (e.g., Yukl, 1989) point out, transformational leadership is not without its dark side and other flaws. The morality of transformational leadership has been questioned, especially by libertarians and organizational development consultants (Griffin, 2003). A key criticism is that within it transformational leadership has potential for the abuse of power (Hall, Johnson, Wysocki Kepner, 2002). Leaders here, motivate followers by engaging them to strong beliefs, irrespective of the effects on them .Transformational leaders can exert a very powerful influence over followers, who offer them trust and respect. Some leaders may have narcissistic tendencies, thriving on power and manipulation. Moreover, some followers may have dependent characters and form strong and unfortunate bonds with their leaders: ref- (Stone, Russell and Patterson, 2003, p. 4). Yukl describes this as the dark side of charisma and goes on to note that for every example of a positive transformational leader demonstrating charismatic qualities (e.g., Mohandas [Mahatma] Gandhi), there is an equally negative example (e.g., Charles Manson).-ref: (Yukl, 1989) There is an argument that transformational leadership is facilitative of change because it contributes to organizational improvement, effectiveness and institutional culture (Barnett, McCormick Conners, 2001). An interesting study by Barnett, McCormick and Conners (2001), shows that teachers may in fact be distracted from concentrating on learning-and-teaching by, for example, taking time away from students to be involved in the corporate school initiatives an inspirational, transformational principal expects of them. Ref: (Barnett, McCormick and Conners (2001), a study conducted on 12 schools in New South Wales and Australia) Related Bibliography Robert Coffee and Gareth Jones, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, September-October 2000 Moran, J. W. and Brightman, B. K. (2001) Leading organizational change, Career Development International, 6(2), pp. 111-118. Gary Yukl Journal of Management 1989. Vol. 15, No. 2, 251-289 Bennis, W, (1994), On Becoming a Leader. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, ISBN:0-201-40929-1. Lucey, J.J, Why is the failure rate for organization change so high?, Management Services Winter 2008 Evans, M.G. (1970). The effects of supervisory behavior on the path-goal relationship. Organizational, Behavior and Human Performance. 5, 277-298 House, R.J. (1971). A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 321-339. House, R.J., Mitchell, T.R. (1974). Path-goal theory of leadership. Contemporary Business, 3, 81-98. Dansereau, E, Jr., Graen, G., Haga, W.J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 13. 46-78. Kudray, L and Kleiner, B, Global trends in managing change, Industrial Management; May/Jun 1997; 39, 3; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 18 Lewin, K, Field Theory in Social Science, Harper and Row, 1951. Nahavandi, A. (2006). The art and science of leadership. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hay, Iain, Transformational Leadership: Characteristics and Criticisms# Leithwood, K. Jantzi, D. (2000). The effects of transformational leadership on organizational conditions and student engagement with school. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(2), p. 112. Bass, B.M. (1990b). From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 13, pp. 26-40. Bryant, S.E. (2003). The role of transformational and transactional leadership in creating, sharing and exploiting organizational knowledge. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 9(4), pp. 32-44. Spreitzer, G.M., Perttula, K.H. Xin, K. (2005). Traditionality matters: an examination of the effectiveness of transformational leadership in the United States and Taiwan. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 205-227. Carlson, D.S. Perrewe, P.L. (1995). Institutionalization of organizational ethics through transformational leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 14(10), pp. 829-839. Odom, L. Green, M.T. (2003). Law and the ethics of transformational leadership. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 24(1/2), pp. 62-69. Yates, M. (2002) Genghis Khan. LeaderValues. Retrieved August 3, 2006 from Kelly, M.L. (2003, January 1). Academic advisers as transformational leaders. The Mentor. Retrieved August 3, 2006, Chekwa, E. (2001, July 12-14). Searching for African American transformational leaders. Academy of Business and Administrative Sciences 4th International Conference, Quebec City, Canada. Manuscript available from the author. Lussier, R.N. Achua, C.F. (2004). Leadership: theory, application, skill development (2nd ed.). Eagan, MN: Thomson-West. Yukl, G.A. (1989). Leadership in Organizations (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Stone, A.G., Russell, R.F., Patterson, K. (2003). Transformational versus servant leadership a difference in leader focus. Servant Leadership Roundtable October 2003. Retrieved August 3, 2006 Hall, J., Johnson, S., Wysocki, A. Kepner, K. (2002). Transformational leadership: the transformation of managers and associates. Retrieved August 3, 2006

Operations Management Zellers Essay

What competitive priority is important for a discount store, such as Zellers? Cost is the most important competitive priority for a discount store, such as Zellers. In order to perform competitively as a discount store, the organization must emphasize low operating costs. With this priority, Zellers can produce at low costs in comparison to competitors and offer products at low prices in order to meet consumer needs and become an order winner. 2. Three generic strategies are low cost, niche market, and product differentiation. What one of these strategies was Zellers using before 1998? After 1998? Prior to 1998, Zellers was using a low cost strategy. The company targeted budget-minded consumers with the slogan â€Å"Where the Lowest Price is the Law.† In the face of fierce rivalry from WalMart entering the competitive landscape and various operational shortcomings, Zellers made several strategic decisions and changes. After 1998, Zellers was using a niche market strategy, by adjusting its mission to become a â€Å"mom’s store.† Zellers focused on offering fair value to consumers, as opposed to the lowest price. The company moved away from the low cost dynamic of its self-service policy by investing in labour, having several customer service assistants on the floor. It also focused on investing in more famous brands and private label products. To the company’s detriment, it appears that Zellers made these strategic changes in order to compete more directly with WalMart, as they moved away from discounts towards offering everyday low prices on 95% of its merchandise.

Biculturism and Marginalization Essay

* Ross-Sheriff (2011) commented that international migration patterns have * changed as a consequence of broad social, political, economic, and environmental * trends and explained the causes of the driving forces were including war, * globalization, urbanization, and changing cultural norms regarding social roles and * responsibilities (Ross-Sheriff, 2011). With these complex trends of migration * patterns, Van Hear (2010) viewed migration as a process which was an integral part * of broader social transformations, but which also had its own internal dynamics with * other factors related to the migrating process, shaping social transformation in their * own way. Migration was also linked in complex ways to class, gender, generation, * ethnicity and other social factors, which were embodied in positions in home and host * communities, and in work and domestic relationships, all of which might be * transformed in the course of the migratory process (Van Hear, 2010). To understand this complex process of migration, especially under changing circumstances of one culture to another, it might be useful to build conceptual tools for understanding these transitory processes in migration studies and in social science more widely (Van hear, 2010). They also include mediating agents and transitions that need also to be accounted for, as well as intersections among class, gender, generation, ethnicity and other social ruptures as well as the main driving forces of migration (Van Hear, 2010). Of course there were other important concepts such as relations between time and space, between dynamics or processes and outcomes, and between structure and agency that needed to get attention (Van Hear, 2010). However, it is impossible to discuss all different theoretical concepts involved in different types of migration process in the current limited study. Rather, this study tried to focus on psychological impacts such as ethnic identity and self-esteem on migration through acculturation processes particularly on family- related migration because different patterns of migration produced different communities and resulted in producing different migrant identities including varying levels of psychological distress (Jones, 2008). Further, few empirical studies have focused on migrant adults populations. Most migrants identification related literatures tended to relate more for adolescents or young children because identity formation might be particularly challenging in this cohort, especially when the values and beliefs of their natal culture differed significantly from those of the host society (Sodowsky, Kwan, & Pannu, 1995; as cited in Farver, Narang, & Bhadha, 2002). Therefore, this study focused on ethnic identity and self-identification issues of adult migrants’ themselves within a family structure according to different theoretical models relevant to adaptation of new cultures, because family was the basic instrument in the society (Nesdale, Rooney, & Smith, 1997). In fact, most cultural acquisition theories developed and evolved in 1990s. when international migration became a key issue in international politics at the beginning of 1990s. As Castle (2002) argued that migration, development and international relations were closely connected as migration was a major factor of transformation for both sending and receiving countries for different types of migrants (Castle, 2002). With this perspective, this study generally focused on those migration culture acquisition theories developed in 1990 rather then looking at current perspectives in the most recent literatures, which actually have evolved from these original theories in 1990s (Castle, 2002). As the findings from these research studies has had been mixed or sometimes contradictory, it was important to understand the exact nature of the relationship between migrant ethnic identification and the acculturation process both need to be specified and assessed properly with coherent measurements and theoretical assumptions (Nesdale et al. , 1997). Important theoretical concepts: ethnic identity, acculturation, biculturism, and marginalisation. According to Phinney (1990; as cited in Farver, Narang & Bhadha., 2002), ethnic identity and acculturation were related but separate constructs. Ethnic identity involves an individual’s self-identification as a group member, a sense of belonging to an ethnic group, attitudes toward ethnic group of membership, and degree of ethnic group involvement (Farver et al. , 2002). The term acculturation was defined in anthropology as those phenomena, which resulted when groups of individuals having different cultures came into continuous first-hand contact with subsequent changes in the original pattern of either or both groups (Redfield, Linton, & Herskovits, 1936; as cited in Birman, 1994). Although acculturation was a neutral term in this context (that is, change might take place in either or both groups), in practice, acculturation tended to induce more changes in one of the groups than in the other (Berry, 1990a; as cited in Berry, 1997) Berry (1997) argued that in all plural societies, cultural groups and their individual members, in both dominant and non-dominant situations, must deal with the issue of how to acculturate. According to Berry (1997), four acculturation strategies were introduced: assimilation, separation, marginalization, and integration. When individuals do not wish to maintain their cultural identity and seek daily interaction with other new cultures, the assimilation strategy is defined. In contrast, when individuals place a value on holding on to their original culture, and at the same time wish to avoid interaction with others, then the separation is defined (Berry, 1997). When there is an interest in both maintaining one’s original culture, while in daily interactions with other groups, integration is the option; here, there is some degree of cultural integrity maintained, while at the same time seeking to participate as an integral part of the larger social network (Berry, 1997). Last, when there is little possibility or interest in cultural maintenance (often for reasons of enforced cultural loss), and little interest in having relations with others (often for reasons of exclusion or discrimination) then marginalization is defined (Berry, 1997). However, this acculturation categories model has been criticized methodologically (Rudmin, 2003, 2009; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) because all four of Berry’s categories were represented in the same way by creating the two by two matrix of acculturation categories between high and low. However, the cut off point between high and low was arbitrary and would differ across samples, making comparisons across studies difficult, resulting in the fact that all four categories existed and were equally valid (Rudmin, 2003; as cited in Schwartz et al., 2010) and suggesting that not all of Berry’s categories might exist in a given sample or population, and that some categories might have multiple subtypes (Schwartz et al. , 2010). In particular, Berry (1997) viewed the term â€Å"biculturism† as referring to acculturation that involved the individual simultaneously in the two cultures that were in contact in integrative ways, which appeared to be a consistent predictor of more positive outcomes than the three alternatives of assimilation, separation, or marginalization. Berry and his colleagues (Sam & Berry, 1995) assessed the acculturation strategies of various immigrant groups in North America and the results showed that bicultural individuals experienced less acculturative stress, anxiety and fewer psychological problems significantly, while marginalized individuals suffered the most psychological distress, including problems with self-identification and cultural alienation, which adversely affected their self-esteem (Farver et al. , 2002). However, Shiraev and Levy (2007) explained acculturative stress as a negative feeling that a marginalized person might experience as a distressing psychological reaction to any unfamiliar cultural environment based on the assumption that person and groups undergoing any social and cultural change should experience a certain amount of psychological distress. Generally, many early definitions of acculturation focused on exposure to two cultures simultaneously as a culture shock, which was a reactive state of specific pathology or deficit, rather than taking advantage of being bicultural (Berry & Annis, 1974; Shiraev et al., 2007). The validity of marginalization as an approach to acculturation by Berry (1997) was also questioned (Del Pilar & Udasco, 2004; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). Schawartz et al. argued that the likelihood that a person would develop a cultural sense of self without drawing on either the heritage or receiving cultural contexts would be less likely to. The marginalization approach might be true only for the small segment of migrants who rejected both their heritage and receiving cultures (Berry, 2006b). Indeed, studies using empirically based clustering methods have found small or nonexistent marginalization groups and scales that attempted to measure marginalization typically had poor reliability and validity compared with scales for the other categories (Cuellar, Arnold, & Maldonado, 1995; Unger et al. , 2002; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). As described earlier, the impact of migrant ethnic identity on psychological distress had comparatively diverse points of views if they were either negative or positive reactions, depending on different theoretical frames. For example, Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 2001) and Self-Categorization Theory (Turner, 1987) emphasized more on the importance to individuals of their identification with particular social groups. Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 2001; as cited in Yip, Gee, & Takeuchi, 2008) viewed a possible explanation for why ethnic identity might buffer the effects of discrimination. According to this theory,individuals chose from an array of possible social identity groups and, once those groups were chosen, individuals focused on the positive aspects of their in-group, which helped to boost their own esteem, suggesting that ethnic identity was more important to their overall identity (Yip et al. , 2009). In contrast, if ethnicity was a central component of one’s identity, it might actually exacerbate the effects of discrimination, resulting in a greater negative impact on mental health, according to self-categorization theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987; as cited in Yip et al., 2008), suggesting that people should be more in tune with environmental cues that were relevant to an important aspect of their identity. That is, experiences of racial discrimination might be such a cue relevant to their ethnic identity. Indeed, research suggested that African American adults and adolescents who reported strong racial centrality were also more likely to report experiences of racial discrimination (Neblett, Shelton, & Sellers, 2004; Sellers, Caldwell, Schmeelk-Cone, & Zimmerman, 2003; Sellers & Shelton, 2003; as cited in Yip et al., 2008). However, despite this emphasis by social theorists, they tended to forget the larger literature that involved with both ethnicity and the acculturation process (Liebkind, 1993; 1996; as cited in Nesdale, Rooney & Smith, 1997). First of all, these different findings resulted from lack of inclusion of acculturation itself as a variable methodologically when acculturation was considered as a phenomenon in research designs (Sam and Berry, 2006). Without including acculturation as a variable, the explanations for human behavior similarities and differences across populations would remain incomplete (Sam et al. , 2006). Second, a further criticism of the acculturation literatures was that the same two acculturation processes, and the same four-acculturation categories, characterized all migrants equally—regardless of the type of migrant, the countries of origin and settlement, and the ethnic group in question, according to Berry’s (1980) model and other similar approaches (Sam et al., 2006). Finally, the vast majority of studies in the acculturation literature have focused on behavioral acculturation (Schwartz et al. , 2010). That is, most widely used acculturation measures included primarily (or only) items assessing language use and other cultural practices (e. g. , Cuellar, Arnold, & Maldonado, 1995; Stephenson, 2000; Szapocznik, Kurtines, & Fernandez, 1980; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) due to accepting the fact that cultural practices might provide only a fair proxy for cultural adaptation (Schwartz et al., 2010). Theoretical frameworks for acculturation research Shiraev & Levy (2007) claimed that cross-cultural psychologists usually used three approaches to examine human activities in various cultural settings. They were the sociobiological approach, the sociological approach and eco-cultural approach (Shiraev et al. , 2007). In particular, the eco-cultural approach emphasized both the environment and the individual were seen as open and interchanging systems (Shiraev et al., 2007), introducing John Berry whom originally developed this theory further in contemporary cross-cultural psychology. Shiraev et al. (2007) also pointed out that specialists should to be able to explain how, why, and to what extent people differed from one another, when ecological, biological, cultural, and acculturation factors were identified and taken into consideration (Berry, J. W. , Poortinga, Y. H. , Segall, M. H. , & Dasen. P. R. ,1992; as cited in Shiraev et al. , 2007). In related to the concerns pointed by Shiraev et al. (2007), Berry (1997) argued earlier there were important links between cultural context and individual behavioural development, demonstrating what happened to individuals who developed in one cultural context when attempting to re-establish their lives in another one through his acculturation research framework, by confirming the fact that acculturation was one of the most complex areas of research in cross-cultural psychology because the process involved more than one culture and in two distinct senses (Berry, 1997). According to Berry (1997), the concept of acculturation was employed to refer to the cultural changes resulting from different ethnic groups encountered, while the concepts of psychological acculturation and adaptation were employed to refer to the psychological changes and eventual outcomes that occur as a result of individuals experiencing acculturation. In another words, acculturation phenomena resulted from contact between two or more cultures and research on acculturation had to be comparative in order to understand variations in psychological outcomes that were the result of cultural variations in the two groups in contact (Berry, 1997). In particular, this framework viewed the integration model of acculturation strategies the most desirable among other strategies, considering it the same as the biculturalism model (Berry, 1997). For example, Berry and his colleagues (Berry, 1980; Berry, J. W. , Kim, U. , Power, S. , Young, M, & Bujaki, M. , 1989; Berry, Kim, Minde, & Mok, 1987; Sam & Berry, 1995 as cited in Farver et al., 2002) Assessed the acculturation strategies of various immigrant groups in North America and the result showed that integration was the most psychologically adaptive attitude, arguing that integrated or bicultural individuals experienced less acculturative stress and anxiety and manifested fewer psychological problems than those who were marginalized, separated, or assimilated, whereas marginalized individuals suffered the most psychological distress, including problems with self-identification and cultural alienation, which also affected their self-esteem (Farver et al., 2002). However, Phinney, Cantu, and Kurtz (1997) found that American identity was associated with self-esteem only for non-Hispanic Whites, but not for other ethnic groups. These mixed results as explained above raised two issues in the acculturation literatures. First of all, cultural practices might offer only a substitute for cultural adpatations, as Portes and Rumbaut (2001 as cited in Schwartz et al., 2010) mentioned that many Asian American young adults in their sample were not proficient in their native languages, even though they still perceived their identification with their parents’ countries of origin and maintained many of their values (Schwarz et al. , 2010). Secondly, most researchers on biculturism did not sufficiently define an accurate operational definition of biculturism so that interpretation of those research results were problematic (Birman, 1994). Indeed, one finding in the United States, was that self-identification as American was markedly higher in non-Hispanic Whites than in ethnic minority groups (e. g. , Devos & Banaji, 2005; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) and many White Americans did not perceived themselves as members of an ethnic group (Schildkraut, 2007; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). In brief, different operational definition problems of acculturation arose from different theoretical models of acculturation regarding to their assumptions (LaFromboise, Coleman, & Gerton, 1993). LaFromboise et al. (1993) assumed acculturation as one of substitutes among the biculturism models. Biculturism as defined in this theory was viewed as the alternation model, which implied an individual in two culture contacts could be competent in both cultures without losing one of the cultures’ competencies in distinct cultural contexts as alternation model, whereas, fusion model meant a blended cultural identity, consisting of a synthesis of aspects of both cultures (LaFromboise et al., 1993). However, Berry’s (1997) integrating approach of biculturism differed from the bicultural model (LaFromboise et al. , 1993; as cited in Birman, 1994) and it emphasized more on the relationship between the two cultural groups based on its implicit assumption that one of two cultures were higher than the other within a single social structure (LaFromboise et al. , 1993). Benet-Martinez and colleagues found that â€Å"blended† bicultural individuals tended to report higher self-esteem and lower psychological distress than a marginal population (Chen et al. , 2008 as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) because the consistent availability of both cultural flows within the person’s everyday life increased the ease of activating the correct cultural schema in accordance with their environmental situations (Schwartz et al. , 2010). In contrast, Tadmor, Tetlock, and Peng (2009) argued that the bicultural model considered those marginal individuals in positive ways, when there was little interest in cultural maintenance and little interest in having relations with others, suggesting positive aspects of being a marginal person might be (1) sharing his or her condition with others of the same original culture; (2) engaging in institutional practices that were shared by other marginal people; (3) experiencing no major frustration from social expectations; and (4) still perceiving himself or herself to be a member of a group (LaFromboise et al., 1993). According to Sam and Berry (2006), many studies of how migrants coped with intercultural contacts had discrepancies in the ways in which they were operationalized and measured. As no standardized or widely accepted acculturation measures existed, it was necessary to design a clear and explicit formulation of acculturation instrument in order to assess acculturation adequately (Sam et al. , 2006). Further Sam and Berry (2006) pointed out that most empirical studies widely used a self-report type of questionnaires that had been recognized limitations such as social desirability, emphasizing obtaining divergent validation by source of information other than the respondents’ reports. Therefore, it is vital to understand each theory within its specific assumptions and not to generalize across all situations regardless of their similar findings (LaFromboise et al. , 1993). As this study discovered migrants’ acculturation processes so far within specific theoretical frameworks, literature findings in different research were mixed as to whether individuals could be highly acculturated and at the same time be strongly identified with their ethnic group (Farver, Narang, & Bhadha. , 2002). These confusing problems initially evolved because of the context in which migration arrangements and their acculturation processes were fundamentally transformed and increasingly uncertain due to globalization (Landolt & Da, 2005). Shiraev & Levy (2007) suggested a new approach to cross-cultural psychology in the twenty-first century, which was linked to the concept of globalization. Globalization was defined as a proliferation of cross-border flow and transnational networks due to new technologies of communication and transport that allowed frequent and multi-directional streams of people, ideas and cultural symbols (Castle, 2010). Castle also argued that globalization leads to major changes in the character of international migration. In other words, the context for migrant incorporation has already changed radically and will continue to do so. The rise of multiculturalism itself rather than assimilation or biculturism is one sign of this, but is not the end of the story: new forms of identity and belonging go beyond multiculturalism (Castle, 2010). Even though there is limited empirical evidence for clear statements for globalization, there probably are highly cosmopolitan groups who feel at home everywhere such as global business and professional elites might correspond with this image. But most members of transnational communities fall between these extremes, and probably have contradictory and fluctuating identities (Castle, 2002). Conclusions This study explored that a special case of cultural psychology was the study of how individuals respond to situations where they were in transition between their original culture and another that differed from it in some respects in terms of acculturation, especially within a specific theoretical frame that could apply to the specific situation (Adler & Gielen, 1994). There was no single theory widely accepted by all social scientists to agree with the emergence and perpetuation of international migration patterns in the world under globalization (Van Hear, 2010),suggesting that the contemporary migrating context in which such migrating arrangements were realized fundamentally kept transforming so that it became increasingly uncertain (Landolt and Da, 2005). Although the topic of cultural contact and individual’ change has attracted considerable attention in contemporary cross-cultural psychology, the field has been characterized by a lack of theoretical coherence, definitional problems with key constructs, and single sample studies that limit the external validity of empirical cross-cultural research (Ward and Kenney, 1994). As acculturation is a process which takes place over time, and which results in changes both in the culture and in the individual culture changes, it would be ideal o compare two sets of data are compared over time using the same people. However, in practice, it is impossible in most acculturation research settings (Sam et al. , 2006). Instead, a common alternative to longitudinal research is cross-sectional research in which a time-related variable, such as length of residence or generational status can be used for the generalizability of acculturation theories (Sam et al., 2006). In general, researchers of migrating studies need to be aware that it is the selective nature of the sample that happens across all migrating research. That is, individuals who chose to migrate would be different from those who do not (Sodowsky, G. , Kwan, K. , & Pannu, R. , 1995; as cited in Farver et al. , 1997). Finally, acculturation research generally focused on immigrants assumed to be permanently settled in their new host countries. As a result, the terms â€Å"migrants† or â€Å"international migrants† referred to the same type of migrants collectively. Moreover, many countries were both sending and receiving countries for different types of migrants, or in the process of transition from one type to the other (Castel, 2002). Therefore, where applicable, it is viable to design acculturation research studies classifying different types of migrants. References Adler, L. L. , & Gielen, U. P. (Eds. ). (1994). Cross-cultural topics in psychology. Westport: Praeger Publishers. 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